Declining 'unprotected' female workforce

• The Female Labour Force Participation Rate, already low in India, received a further setback with the pandemic.

About

Women were the first to lose their jobs once the lockdown was announced and they are yet to get back into the labour force. The female labour force participation rate was at 9.4 per cent for the period between September-December 2021, according to the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE). This is the lowest female labour force participation rate since 2016 when the data was first compiled.

Informal economy and women

The informal economy in India encompasses a variety of activities. The agricultural sector has the highest level of informal employment, followed by manufacturing, trade and construction.

• Rural-urban differentials: informal employment constituted 96 per cent of total jobs in rural areas, where female informal employment was 98 per cent compared to 95 per cent of male informal employment.
  • Seventy-nine per cent of the jobs in urban India were of an informal nature, with 82 per cent of total female workers engaged in informal employment compared to 78 per cent among urban male workers.
• Statistics show that women are more likely to be engaged in the informal sector in both rural and urban areas. They are also more likely than men to be working as informal workers in the formal sector. Women face violence in the informal sector which can range from harassment to sexual assault and rape.
• A few studies indicate that women in the informal sector face sexual harassment in workplaces.

Reasons

A recent study by Oxfam India on tea plantation workers reveals that the extremely hierarchical nature of their jobs, the migrant status of workers and the lack of other job opportunities for women tea pluckers contribute to the normalisation of workplace violence.

• Facilities such as canteens and toilets generally available in factories where workers are predominantly men are lacking in the fields. Because of the presence of the mostly male “sardars” (supervisors), women try to seek privacy far away from where their colleagues are working.
• Difficult working conditions are aggravated in the absence of proper redressal mechanisms and women’s access to them.
• It’s well-known that laws such as the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act 2013, Criminal Amendment Act 2013, and Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 are not implemented well and do not take the difficulties faced by women in the informal sector into account.

Suggested measures

• An effective body for workplace harassment could be the Local Complaints Committee structure under the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act 2013, But such bodies are almost non-functional.
• Vishakha guidelines should be implemented.
• Sensitising informal sector workers about gender-based violence and informing them in simple language about the laws that deal with such violence; employers must ensure that complaints committees are functional; sensitising local labour contractors on how to deal with cases of sexual harassment at workplaces.
• These bare minimum measures can be implemented with technical support from local women’s rights organisations.
• The government should also step in to improve the implementation of existing laws and increase budgetary provisions for workplace safety.

Exam track

Prelims take away

• Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act 2013
• Criminal Amendment Act 2013
• Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
• Types of economic system - Informal economy

Mains track

Q. The issue of the safety of women at the workplace has socio-economic implications in India. Explain. Also, discuss some major legal initiatives taken by the government that can create safe working conditions for women