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Disease eradication programmes

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Disease eradication programmes

  • The Government is implementing three disease eradication programmes namely, National Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme (NVBDCP), National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP) andNational TB Elimination programme (NTEP).
  • Under National Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme (NVBDCP), 3 diseases namely Malaria, Filaria & Kala-Azar are under elimination programme.
  • These diseases are targeted for elimination, and not for eradication.

National Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme (NVBDCP):

  • It was launched in 2003-04 by merging National anti-malaria control programme,
  • National Filaria Control Programme and Kala Azar Control programmes. Japanese B Encephalitis and Dengue/DHF have also been included in this Program.

Malaria:

  • The Government has launched the National Framework for Malaria Elimination (NFME), 2016-2030 to eliminate malaria in India in a phased manner.
  • The goal is to achieve zero indigenous cases of Malaria in the country by 2027 and to sustain elimination by 2030.

Major Interventions:

  • Early diagnosis and radical treatment: Use of Rapid Diagnostic Test Kits, ASHA incentives for diagnosis & ensuring complete treatment.
  • Case-based surveillance and rapid response
  • Integrated vector management (IVM)
  • Indoor residual spray (IRS)- 2 rounds of IRS for vector control in areas with Annual Parasite Incidence
  • Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) / Insecticide treated bed nets (ITNs): LLINs are being used in the programme to cover sub centres with Annual Parasite Incidence >1.
  • Larval source management (LSM)
  • Epidemic preparedness and early response
  • Behaviour Change Communication and community mobilization

Interventions for Lymphatic Filariasis:

  • Mass Drug administration (MDA) for disease transmission control was launched.
  • To accelerate disease elimination, an Accelerated Plan for Elimination of Lymphatic filariasis (APELF) 2018, triple Drug Therapy (Ivermectin + Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) + Albendazole) has been implemented in 30 districts and is being further scaled up.
  • Morbidity Management & Disability Prevention (MMDP) targets 100% coverage for hydrocele surgery and home-based morbidity management services for lymphoedema cases.
  • The achievement of <1% Microfilaria rate is validated by Transmission Assessment Survey (TAS).

Interventions for Kala-Azar:

  • Single Dose Liposomal Amphotericin B (LAMB) for treatment.
  • Use of synthetic pyrethroid in place of DDT for IRS.
  • Introduction of hand compression pumps in place of stirrup pumps for convenience and quality of IRS
  • Revised incentives to PKDL patients from Rs. 2,000/- to 4,000/- and to ASHA from Rs.300/- to 500/- in 2018.
  • Pucca houses in KA affected villages have been constructed under PMAY-G - Total 25,955 houses in 2017-18 (1371 houses in Bihar & 24584 in Jharkhand).

National TB Elimination programme(NTEP):

  • It is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme being implemented under the aegis of the National Health Mission with resource sharing between the State Governments and the Central Government.
  • The goal of the program is to achieve a TB-free India with zero deaths, disease and poverty due to tuberculosis.
  • The Government has targeted to end TB by 2025, 5 years ahead of the global targets of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of 2030.
  • Eradication of tuberculosis is not possible due to ongoing transmission of the disease. The programme is aiming at its elimination.
  • The National Strategic Plan (2017-25) is being implemented for ending TB in the country by 2025.

key focus areas:

  • Early diagnosis of all the TB patients, prompt treatment with quality assured drugs and treatment regimens along with suitable patient support systems to promote adherence.
  • Engaging with the patients seeking care in the private sector.
  • Prevention strategies including active case finding and contact tracing in high risk / vulnerable population
  • Airborne infection control.
  • Multi-sectoral response for addressing social determinants.

National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP):

  • Govt. of India started the National Leprosy Control Programme in 1955.
  • The National Leprosy Eradication Programme that was launched after this, achieved the goal of elimination of leprosy as a public health problem, defined as less than 1 case per 10,000 Population, at the National Level in December 2005.
  • The Programme is headed by the Deputy Director of Health Services (Leprosy ) under the administrative control of the Directorate General Health Services Govt. of India.

Objectives

  • Early detection through active surveillance by trained health workers;

  • Regular treatment of cases by providing Multi-Drug Therapy (MDT) at fixed in or centres a nearby village of moderate to low endemic areas/district;

  • Intensified health education and public awareness campaigns to remove the social stigma attached to the disease.

  • Appropriate medical rehabilitation and leprosy ulcer care services.

  • Leprosy can only be eliminated as a Public Health problem, and not eradicated because of the extra human sources (reservoirs) of the Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae), the agent responsible for causing leprosy.

  • Eradication of the disease is permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidences of infection caused by specific agent as a result of deliberate efforts; and when intervention measures are no longer needed.

  • Vector borne diseases (VBDs) are caused by vector and vector is climate sensitive and ecological driven.

  • Vector is affected by temperature, humidity, rainfall etc, and, therefore, it is not possible to eradicate the VBDs completely from the world

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